I recently lost my motherboard in my laptop but the harddrive is still intact. I need to be able to access all files as though they are physically on the C:\. As a standard external harddrive I can access files but I can not run my major application or editors like: Microsoft office, Visual Studios, DVD Cloner, AVS and several other applications that were installed several years ago. The files were installed on a Windows 7 machine but I am now running Windows 10 on this new laptop.
How can I run my applications that are located on my external harddrive as standalone applications (not requiring them to be re-installed in the C:\ of my new laptop)?
The applications you've listed will all need to be reinstalled on your new hard drive as they are not designed to work from external drives.
As Gord said, those programs will need to be reinstalled.
An alternative to that is if both laptops are exactly the same, you could just swap the hard drives.
Another option is if you could get a hold of a replacement motherboard for the one that died, you can resurrect that laptop (provided the replacement motherboard is exactly the same).