Windows machines can do a lot more than just run windows programs and the USB ports can be used for a lot more than just recharging your peripherals and transferring data. Here is a list of Emulators available from PortableApps.com. Almost all of these are in the beta stage or listed as development test, but they seem to work just fine.
Do not ask about ROM or BIOS files.
Do not post links to ROM sites.
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Video Game Console Emulators
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DeSmuME Portable: plays Nintendo DS games and homebrew
Dolphin Emulator Portable: plays Wii and GameCube games
ePSXe Portable: plays Sony PlayStation games through a system of plugins
FCEUX Portable: plays NES, Famicon and Famicon Disk System games
higan Portable: supports Famicom, Super Famicom, Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance as well as Super Game Boy, BS-X Satellaview and Sufami Turbo
Kega Fusion Portable: plays Sega SG1000, SC3000, SF7000, Master System, Game Gear, Genesis/Megadrive, SVP, Pico, SegaCD/MegaCD and 32X
MAME Portable: emulates multiple Arcade machines (Newer version posted by Mancus Nemo near the bottom)
MAMEUIFX Portable: Arcade games emulator with HiScore support.
Mednafen 0.8D Portable: plays Atari Lynx, Neo Geo Pocket (Color), WonderSwan, GameBoy (Color), GameBoy Advance, Nintendo Entertainment System, Virtual Boy, PC Engine/TurboGrafx 16 (CD), SuperGrafx, PC-FX, Sega Game Gear, and Sega Master System games
Mednaffe Portable: plays Lynx, NGPocket(Color), WonderSwan, GameBoy (Color), GBA, NES, SNES, Virtual Boy, PCE/TG16 (CD), SuperGrafx, PC-FX, Sega Game Gear, Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis, and Sony Playstation.
Mupen64Plus Portable: cross-platform plugin-based N64 emulator
no$gba (nocashgba) Portable: it is a free Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance emulator
QMC2 for MAME/MESS/UME Portable: this is a multi-platform GUI front end for several M.A.M.E., M.E.S.S. and U.M.E. variants.
Project64 Portable: plays Nintendo64 games
RetroArch Portable: can play Arcade games; Atari: 2600 and Lynx; Bandai: WonderSwan and WonderSwan Color; NEC: TurboGraphx-16 and TurboGraphx-CD; Nintendo: NES, SNES, N64, GB, GBC, GBA and VirtualBoy; Sega: Master System, Genesis , Sega CD and Game Gear; SNK: NeoGeo and NeoGeo Pocket; Sony Playstation; DOS, Cave Story, Dinothawr, Doom 1 and 2, Meteor, and Quake.
ScummVM Portable: plays classic point and click adventure games
Snes9x Portable: plays Super Nintendo and Super Famicon games
Stella Portable: plays Atari 2600 games
ResidualVM Portable: a cross-platform 3D game interpreter for Grim Fandango and Escape from Monkey Island.
VisualBoy Advance-M Portable: plays GameBoy, GameBoy Color and GameBoy Advance Games
ZSNES 1.42 Portable: emulates Super Nintendo and Super Famicon and supports netplay
ZSNES 1.51 Portable: SNES/Super Famicon emulator without netplay support
https://portableapps.com/node/27678 or https://portableapps.com/node/7913
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Useful or Interesting Components
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AntiMicro Portable: setup gamepad or joystick mappings with keys and mouse controls
AutoHotKey Portable: create hotkeys for keyboard, joystick and mouse
https://portableapps.com/node/18658 or https://portableapps.com/node/13021
Caffeine Portable: prevents computer from sleeping or going to screensaver
D-Fend Reloaded Portable: tools that make setting up DOSBox easier for beginners.
DirectX End-User Runtimes Portable: these runtimes are needed for some emulators (Dolphin, Snes9x, VBA-M MFE version) 64bit systems need both the 32bit and 64bit variants.
Game Booster Portable: helps to optimize system performance while playing a game or running a program
GameSave Manager Portable: backs up your save data
Javascript Gameboy Portable: instructions on how to play GameBoy games through a portable browser
RetroArch in your web browser: play GameBoy, Genesis, Lynx, SNES and GBA games through a web browser, as well as Tyrquake and Arcade games through FinalBurn Alpha
ScummVM Tools Portable: tools that may be useful to use in conjunction with ScummVM.
Xfire Portable: chat, record gameplay, take screenshots, broadcast your game live all from in the game.
Portable Games: listed by category
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Computer and Calculator Emulators
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BeebEm Portable: BBC Micro and Master 128 emulator
Bochs IA-32: emulates a virtual 32bit x86 PC
DOSBox Portable: runs old school PC games and DOS programs (the only officially released emulator here)
Linux Launcher: virtual Linux emulation
Mac-on-a-Stick: tutorial to set up the Mac on a stick
Mini vMac Portable: virtual Macintosh emulator
WinVICE: Commodore 64 and various other old computer emulator
WinUAE: instructions to make the Amiga emulator portable
WindowsCE Portable: links to instructions on how to make a portable WindowsCE emulation
TiEmu: TI 68k Graphing Calculators Emulator
VTi Portable: virtual Texas Instruments calculator
Wabbitemu Portable: emulates the Z80: TI-73, TI-82, TI-83, TI-83, TI-84, TI-85 and TI-86
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Old or Outdated Emulators
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BlueMSX: nothing to download, but states this MSX emulator works portably
bsnes Portable: outdated, played SNES games, download not working
DeSmuME Portable: plays Nintendo DS games and homebrew (old releases, but download still works)
https://portableapps.com/node/37145 and https://portableapps.com/node/21164
ePSXe Portable: played PlayStation games but the download link is broken
FakeNES Portable: outdated, played NES games, no working download links
https://portableapps.com/node/17680 or https://portableapps.com/node/10910
MAMEUI HiScore Portable: would have played Arcade games but has no download link
Nestopia: outdated, played NES games but the download is broken
ZSNES Portable: outdated, played SNES games but the download link no longer works
Some other launchers that are no longer available
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I hope this helps some people find what they are looking for. Portable apps are great and the PortableApps.com website is excellent! Special thanks go out to all who put effort into creating these works, especially (in no particular order) Zach Thibeau, CODYQX4, darksabre76, Jhonn, Pyromaniac, prapper, winterblood, bill_gagliardi, computerfreaker, scriptdaemon, Gord Caswell and of course John T Haller. Keep up the good work.
If I missed anyone that deserves recognition, I apologize. Feel free to post any other information about emulators or virtualization software or anything else below.